Essay Questions On Individualism Versus Collectivism

Individualism versus Collectivism Dilina Adessha Kadupitiya Kadupitiya Arachchilage 101416352 10/29/2016 Introduction The motivation behind this report is to comprehend the multifaceted correspondence and how it imperative to begin business amongst Sri Lanka and Australian. Correspondence is significant piece of human s life. Since without correspondence human can t express their thoughts with others and develop association with others. Correspondence is varying from nation to nation and culture to culture. Since various nations has distinctive societies. Subsequently the method for correspondence relying upon the individual who originate from a specific nation and the way of life individual have a place with. At the point when individuals in business side, they need to understand that a fundamental comprehension of social differing qualities and it is the way to compelling culturally diverse interchanges. Since specialist needs to make social collaboration between individuals from various societies inside a business and to maintain a strategic distance from issues stemming exclusively from confusio n when going over individuals from various culture and society in the extensive consuming business globally.as well as conveying crosswise overShow MoreRelatedBUSS1001 essay2254 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿Essay Introduction Culture is an important criterion for organisations to determine their strategies of management and leadership. This essay aims to outline Hofstede’s cross-cultural framework, identify similarities and differences in comparison with the Chinese Value Survey (CVS) and discuss how differences in individualism-collectivism and long-term/short-term orientation among employees could affect management and leadership. The finding is that Hofstede’s framework and CVS differ from culturalRead MoreHofstede s Four Cultural Dimensions With Fons Trompenaars Models1560 Words   |  7 Pagesfamily) acknowledge and it is the extent to which power is to be expected that it is dispersed unequally. Individualism (IDV) vs Collectivism: For this dimension says that the people are incorporated into gatherings. In individualistic social orders, the anxiety is put on individual accomplishments and individual rights they worry about themselves and family member’s .Conversely, in collectivism social orders, people act prevalently as individuals from a deep rooted and binding gathering family groupsRead MoreEthical Decisions in Business Essay2256 Words   |  10 Pagessome level of ethical deterioration (Norman V. Peale, 1988), immoral millions made through inside trading information, a day hardly passes without the head of some major organisation who has been involved in some aspect of an ethical dilemma. This essay will break down why businesses struggle with ethical decisions but before examining such a sensitive issue we must understand what an ethical decision really is. Within the process of decision making, ethics are the personal standards of right andRead MoreAviation Safety And How Effective Crew Resource Management Training1513 Words   |  7 Pagesit is critical for companies to implement safety defences within their practices. Prioritising an effective safety culture within aviation depends on a combination of professional, national, organisational and just cultures (Hamilton, 2016). This essay gains insight into the potential positive and negative effects of these cultures in aviation safety and how effective Crew Resource Management training is, how it has systems have evolved and been implemented to optimise safety. The goal of this approachRead MoreCross Cultural Differences- China and Usa Essay2835 Words   |  12 Pagesof tourism and social life, as it gives us the understanding of how people from other cultures function as a result of their particular set of cultural values. The aim of this essay is to provide a deeper understanding between the cultural differences between two very different cultures: those of China and the USA. The essay is divided into two parts: the first will explore the different cultural dimensions present in a social and business context according to the research by Hofstede and TrompenaarsRead MoreThe Movie, The Joy Luck Club, By Amy Tan1563 Words   |  7 PagesLive By- 1980. The cultural patterns of the Chinese are based on old traditions (change versus tradition.) The values, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors are demonstrated through obedience (equality vs hierarchy/rank/status), shame (VABB’s and indirectness), fate and destiny (personal control over the environment versus fate), and the communication style of the high context culture (directness/openness/ honesty versus indirectness/ritual/face and story talk). Obedience is demonstrated by being obedientRead MoreDefining Culture : A Challenging Task For Academics2631 Words   |  11 Pagesanalysis can uncover the values and beliefs hidden by those artefacts. This essay will start by looking at the etymology of the word, drawing upon personal knowledge, and then going on explaining what we mean today when we use the word culture; moreover, the essay will try to demonstrate to what extent culture is important for organisations and why it should be carefully considered when making decisions. The points made in this essay will be supported by evidence and theories acquired through secondaryRead MoreA Critical Analysis of PG’s Chinese Competitiveness6349 Words   |  26 Pagesamount of accomplishments in the comparative short time is rather worth for investigation. This essay makes the insight analysis on the competitive positions of Pamp;G in China with the support of relative theories and frameworks. The competitiveness of Pamp;G, the challenges and chances for Pamp;G’s development in China as well as the efficiency cross-culture managements are the main parts of this essay. 2.0 Pamp;G’s Competitive Operation in China Fast moving consumer goods are the main andRead MoreNational Culture in International Management2752 Words   |  12 Pageson a contingency basis. The first part of the essay will briefly describe the external environment components surrounding a business in any given host country, with an increased emphasize on the cultural variable, and how it affects various managerial functions. Next, the challenges presented across different national cultures will be identified, using Hofstede’s (1984, 1991, 2001) value dimensions as an underlying framework. The final part of the essay will conclude the discussion through an analysisRead MoreFace Negotiation Theory4242 Words   |  17 PagesGermany will be strikingly different from the facework of people from collectivistic cultures like Japan or China† (Griffin, 2009). Collectivistic and Individualistic Cultures Ting-Toomey’s theory is based on the distinction between collectivism and individualism (Griffin, 2009). Harry Triandis, University of Illinois psychologist, says that â€Å"the three most important distinctions between collectivistic and individualistic cultures are the different ways members perceive self, goals, and duty†

Oedipus The King, The Culture, And The Gods - 1266 Words

According to Greek Culture, Gods’ assume a part to depict one s life and their destiny. In â€Å"Oedipus the King,† the culture, and the Gods’ anticipate what is yet to come in the life of Oedipus. However, on the contrary Oedipus being a monarch possesses a dignity that cannot be accepted to grip such a hopeless destiny. The predictions prognosticated to his folks, drove Oedipus to be deserted and carry out the wrongdoings. At last, he is directed to confront the results by the Greek traditions. Nonetheless, the Islamic culture disallows such acts that occurred in the play. In the event that the Greek culture in this play was substituted by Islamic culture, according to the ethical estimations of this culture Oedipus character would be†¦show more content†¦Oedipus, being a tremendous leader of Islam, would modify the way individuals view him. He will be known as someone who is not pitiless, awful or can even express an antagonistic word against anyone. The essence that the Holy Prophet holds, cannot set out any being to persume his bad character and blame him for low acts contrasted with Oedipus. Thus, if Oedipus somehow happened to hold a solid identity as a Muslim King, he could likewise be accustomed a similar regard and not be questioned after, hindering himself from confronting allegations from others. As a Greek ruler, Oedipus does not have the same characteristics as The Holy Prophet Muhammad, rather he reaches his seniors in an inadmissible way. Oedipus outrage hits the rooftop as Teiresias uncovers the wrongdoing he submits and lashes out the predictions of his reviled future. Oedipus trying to claim ignorance, seethes â€Å"it has – but not for you; no not Sabahet 2 for you, Shameless and brainless, sightless, senseless sot!† (Sophocles, 362). In spite of the fact, Oedipus holds great prestige, his outrage swings to be the most noticeably bad for him as he gives slighting remarks regarding Teiresias’ inability. Thus, Oedipus refuses to accept the prophecies. On the off chance, Oedipus was very much aware about how he had unwittingly murdered a man on his adventure, he won’t invalidate but could put effort in finding out who the man was. Nonetheless, Oedipus knows that theShow MoreRelatedThe Tragedy Of Oedipus Oedipus Rex 928 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween Oedipus’ irrevocable circumstances as well as his flawed character that makes Sophocles’ â€Å"Oedipus Rex† a quintessential example of Greek drama. His circumstances, which are set by the Gods, are profound and beyond anyone’s control; either he must be killed or there will be great consequences. His parent’s rejection of the oracle set by the gods, the degrees of separation from his origin, and his flawed sense of pride is the complexity of the plot as well as what makes Oedipus the complexRead MoreKings as Main Characters in Literature Essay765 Words   |  4 PagesThe stories about kings are universally appealing, and the leaders in literature works often bear many similarities. For instance, it seems that leaders of all societies share certain common characteristics and attributes including courage, loyalty, tremendous ordeal experience and absolutely selfness. All of these are key factors leading to ultimate triumph and the deeds of heroes are usually of great benefits to others. However, differences in culture, social system, values and social backgroundRead MoreThe Themes Conveyed By Oedipus1310 Words   |  6 Pages(Davis, 1) Title: The Themes Conveyed By Oedipus Prompt: Playwrights employ their characters to embody themes they wish to promote (about life, love, disappointments) throughout the dramas they write. Choose ONE character, examine the theme(s) the character carries, and show how Sophocles uses that character to make clear the ideas he wishes to convey. Work: Oedipus Rex (Davis, 2) The play starts with an important piece of cultural information in the form of the quote â€Å"I thought itRead MoreThe Outbreak Of Shakespeare s Oedipus The King 1127 Words   |  5 PagesPlague in Thebes During the course of Oedipus The King, Oedipus sets off on a journey to free himself from a fate that he just can not stand the thought of. Along the journey Oedipus comes upon the city of Thebes. This city has just had their king (Laius) killed and now Creon is under control of the city. Oedipus is given the thrown after he helped free the city from a sphinx that has been been guarding anyone that plans on going in and out of the city. Oedipus is seen to be a hero because no one couldRead MoreReview Of Oedipus The King 1394 Words   |  6 PagesMotif in Oedipus the King Sophocles’ writing style in the play, Oedipus the King, offers incredible insight into the ways that authors utilize recurring symbols to create motif in their plays and writings. This particular play uses a blend of irony, wit, and metaphor to create a literary motif. Sophocles explores the literal aspects of sight and blindness, in the form of knowledge and oblivion. Through recurring symbols of sight and blindness, both literal and metaphorical, Sophocles creates a motifRead MoreConflict Between Men And Gods978 Words   |  4 Pagesformed on conflict between men and gods. The Oedipal myth was transformed into a compelling theatrical work, â€Å" Oedipus Rex†, by Sophocles. Oedipus play was a result of destiny and fate. King Laius, the father of Oedipus, tries to outwit the gods as an attempt to hold onto power and save his own life. Laius order a servant to leave Oedipus on mountain to prevent the prophecy that their son would kill his father and marry his mother. O n reaching manhood, Oedipus learned from a Oracle that he wouldRead MoreOedipus The King : A Tragic Hero870 Words   |  4 Pagesday drama has roots in the beautifully structured Greek theatrical culture. In the sixth century, ancient Greece, and more specifically Athens, overflowed with artistic talent. The Dionysian Festival materialized from Athens and this is where we first saw comedies and tragedies on stage. The Greek, as with many other cultures, honored their gods and did much to please and placate them. The Dioynsia Festival, which honored their god Dionysus, is proof of this. Sophocles, the well-known playwright,Read MoreThe Classical Tragedy Of Sophocles Oedipus The King950 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Greece’s Golden Age introduced many excellent playwrights, all of whom contributed to the success of Greek Literature† (sites.google/ Playwrights of the Golden Age). Sophocles, the author of the classic tragedy, Oedipus the King, was one of the three best pla y writers during that time frame. Born in 495 B.C., Sophocles â€Å"lived for nearly ninety years through the most of the turbulent events of his country during the fifteenth century B.C.† (Charters and Charters). He was born in Colonus, not farRead MoreOedipus Rex Essay1335 Words   |  6 Pagesthe crossroads, that drank my father’s blood offered you by my hands, do you remember still what I did as you looked on, and what I did when I came here?† (Oedipus Rex, 1575-1580). Precisely placed at the crossroads of fate and autonomy, Oedipus struggles to define what, exactly, is fate and what, exactly, is left to his own discretion; Oedipus Rex challenges the common thought of Greek Society. Transcending more than one thousand years, questions often posed within the context of this play come toRead MoreThe Tragic Tragedy Of Sophocles Oedipus The King1601 Words   |  7 Pageshas no control over the destiny God intended him to have. In Sophocles’ Oedipus the King, he illustrates Oedipus as a hero who encounters a tragic end. When Oedipus was born, the prophecy predicted that he would murder his father and marry his mother. His parents wanted to avoid his destiny by leaving him to die on a mountain. A shepherd found Oedipus who then gave him to the King and Queen of Corinth. They took him in and raised him as their own. Apollo told Oedipus what the out come of his destiny

New European Urban Hierarchy Free Essays

string(147) " most generic procedure put forward by the Ministere de la Ville and the Delegation Interministerielle a la Ville is the Contrat de Ville \(CDV\)\." Critically assess the forces which are influencing the shape of a ‘new European urban hierarchy† (Hall, 1993). Use case studies to illustrate and assess how individual cities are positioning themselves in this new spatial order. Throughout Europe, cities and regions have launched on a path of competitive redevelopment by means of a variety of strategies, ranging from large-scale mega developments and integrated action plans to community- based local re-conversion efforts. We will write a custom essay sample on New European Urban Hierarchy or any similar topic only for you Order Now These schemes are spread over the European urban and regional landscape, operating in a variety of regulatory, political and socio-economic contexts, welfare regimes and public policy frameworks and combine private and public initiatives and finances in a great diversity of institutional framework. However, they are comparable in the sense that they are inserted in and grapple with epochal global trends and attempt to re-assert their position in the new global economic competitive climate and its associated technological, cultural and social transformations. Each of these produces a series of profound mechanisms of exclusion/integration and, at the end of the day, it is such activities, which shape or moderate the process of polarization and exclusion itself. The 1980†³s saw competition between European cities for mobile investment in a variety of ways. Multinational enterprises boosted this competition through looking at the location of new productive plants and offices, this therefore saw city governments promoting and marketing themselves in a more beneficial way in an effort to be a magnet for inward investment. They saw ways to ‘Hall mark† events such as major sporting events; cultural festivals and trade fairs which can all have considerable economic effects. I will be looking at Barcelona, Dublin and Lille and at the different strategies they have used to respond to global, economic pressures within and between cities in positioning themselves in the European urban hierarchy and the changes that have taken place. Differences in infrastructure and human capital are widely recognised as contributing significantly to variations in regional competitiveness. The economically stronger and more prosperous regions of the Community are generally more richly endowed with more resources, while the lagging regions typically have serious deficiencies (Commission of the European Community, 1994, p. 65). All major cities have become actively involved in what has been termed ‘city marketing†. There are ways in which academics have sought to identify cities from the best to the worst, this has been established through â€Å"league tables. From these league tables the cities to be at the most highest are obviously seen as the most appealing cities to live in and also for investment. Rankings are made on the basis of economic variables such as gross domestic product per head, the unemployment rate, pressure for the demand for space or the proportion of the workforce employed in higher-order occupations. Quality of life is measured in ways such as education, health care, cultural or leisure facilities and environmental variables. â€Å"A new geography of Europe is emerging which ignores national frontiers. The most successful cities are located in what Hall termed ‘the blue Banana†. Cities in the core derive considerable scale economics and access advantages whilst cities in the periphery do not and must bare substantial distance costs† (Lever 1992:936) The core banana covers the cities of London, Paris, Brussels, Amsterdam, Cologne, Frankfurt, Munich and Milan. A subsidiary core banana has developed which encompasses Mediterranean cities like Barcelona, Marseilles and Nice and which is connected to the first banana through the Alpine region. Most of the successful or those furthest up the hierarchy are located within these regionalised cores. These advantages have resulted in growth due to the specialised high technology manufacture and information processing. The Commission of the European Communities has pointed there are weaknesses which are forcing investors to move out; the high costs of wages and land and also the congestion and pollution. They also stated that the older urban centres in the core have older populations and will in time undergo a demographic decline whereas the younger populations of the periphery will engender further progress. There is not a single urban hierarchy in Europe. Rather there are a number of overlapping hierarchies, which centre on particular functions†¦. Each urban area is in competition with a range of others according to the economic function and the sphere of influence – global, national, or regional – at which it performs its specialisms (Commission of the European Community, 1994, p. 44). The paradox in this statement illustrates the crucial point in the debate about territorial competition within the European urban system. It is not the urban areas themselves that are directly in competition, but the economic specialisms and functions, which operate from within them. The locations of economic activities – new production and service facilities, international institutions and major cultural and sporting events – are also a function of an urban area’s social capital. The externalities generated by the degree and level of social capital are the basis for urban areas competing for the location of economic activities in the first instance and maintaining them locally in the second. However, it is the leading edge or specialist activities, contained within city-regions, which compete within the global or international economy. Given the regionally networked nature of international production and service provision, there is also a degree of complementarily. Urban policy in Lille centres on the improvement of the competitive position and the development of large-scale operations that are capable of improving the urban image and of attracting external investments. Eurolille is a large –scale commercial quarter which has included many different policy domains; job creation, education, development of urban space for new activities and function, new industries, neighbourhood revitalisation and improvement of security. The creation of the retail business centre Eurolille also led to the redistribution of commercial spaces in the city itself. The policies of urban regeneration and the struggle against social exclusion in the Lille metropolis reflect these institutional and strategic transformations. Their analysis helps to understand the process that led to the realisation of Eurolille. The most generic procedure put forward by the Ministere de la Ville and the Delegation Interministerielle a la Ville is the Contrat de Ville (CDV). You read "New European Urban Hierarchy" in category "Essay examples" The main objective of this procedure is to combat urban exclusion at the level of â€Å"priority-targeted† neighbourhoods and at the level of the agglomeration on the other. Actions for social assistance aiming at improving daily life as well structural actions involving large-scale urban operations (roads, improvement of the housing stock) are launched. â€Å"Lille could expect substantial economic benefits from its position on the TGV network† (Newman and Thorney 1996: 190) The construction of the TGV station in the centre of Lille in 1994 plays a key-role in this strategy of regenerating the Lille metropolis. The subsequent construction of an international business centre must put Lille at the heart of a Northern European transportation network and provide the metropolis with an important international role. This, in turn, should help to attract external investments, to create a pole of advanced business services; and will make the metropolitan and regional economy much more dynamic. The advent of the Channel Tunnel and the high-speed train network in France, has also improved its attractiveness. Barcelona is a Mediterranean city, the heart of the industrialization and the social, political, and cultural movements of contemporary Spain. The city has remarkable evidence of moving from profound economic crisis in 1980 to a city with a strong image. The high degree of private investment in the projects related to the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games corresponds to the great expectation created by the attractiveness of the city of Barcelona. â€Å"The Olympic games bought the attention of the world to Barcelona† (Newman and Thornley 1996:91) Among the physical impacts – which per se can have important economic effects – is the impact on urbanism. The change in the urban model can be seen immediately by comparing the density of traffic in 1990 before the ring roads were built, with the density of 1993, after the opening of the Dalt and Litoral ring roads. The changes in traffic due to the effect of these roads was one of the most synthetic expressions of the impact of the Olympic Games on the city. European integration strengthens the Western Mediterranean region, as a bridge between the centre and the south of Europe. In this context, Barcelona also has another powerful attraction: its metropolitan area, found in a central axis of European communications. Barcelona is thus an excellent location for head offices and its metropolitan area excellent for the introduction of their plants. The possibilities of capitalizing on the Olympic impulse, consolidating its new role as a service centre specialized in activities with high surplus value, seems clear. The build up to the Games brought about further impact on the city fabric, not least because it led to a massive increase in speculation on land values, and housing prices soared. There was a substantial growth in the number of properties available, which contrasted drastically with a birth rate at a record low, not to mention its negative migratory balance. Despite these facts nothing held down the rise in property prices for both home ownership and rent. Dublin as the national capital and primate city in Ireland has produced both renaissance flagship urban development projects and socio-spatially excluded communities in the drive to modernise and compete with other comparable cities in the newly emerging urban hierarchy of the European Union. The CHDDA International Financial Services Centre (IFSC) Urban Regeneration project is one of the main projects designed to enhance the city†s image and competitive position in the international urban arena. The urban renewal act of 1988, set out a process for model of regeneration in Dublin. With 23 property developers and 30 urban planners many changes were made to the city of Dublin. Since the 1980†³s Dublin has turned around and has been extremely successful from investments and has become a magnet for tourists. The IFSC represents an important attempt by the Irish government and the Industrial Development Authority (IDA) to reposition Ireland in the international division of labour from national primate city to peripheral world city. It seeks to avail of some of the benefits of the hypermobility of capital within the economy of the international financial system. Dublin†s IFSC has developed a niche for itself in the international division of financial services by focusing on back office banking operations and corporate treasury activities. Although no rival to London or New York, Dublin†s ‘niche† has strong global dimensions. Temple Bar was one of the key areas to receive European funding. A variety of cultural facilities, ranging from the National Film Centre, Children’s Theatre, Music Centres, Art Galleries, all received major European funding. This contributed hugely to its capital programme. In addition, it had much better financial incentives than elsewhere in the City Centre. This concentration of European Funding and Government Tax Incentives within a relatively small area has been the financial power behind the scheme. Dublin Corporation has embarked on a major regeneration project for a historic part of the city from O’Connell Street westwards towards the Phoenix Park – one of the key areas in the old Abercrombie/Sydney Kelly plan – H. A. R. P. – Historic Area Regeneration Project. It covers a large part of the inner north city and includes the city markets area, major shopping centres, important public buildings, long established residential communities, areas of dereliction and many socially deprived areas. It also includes major civic elements, like the North Quays and Smithfield. The new light rail transport system – LUAS, will pass through the area and this should have a strong economic effect. Policy tools can be applied in various combinations to manage change in practice and to attempt to achieve sustainable development. The development and implementation of city-wide environmental strategies and action plans require effective community participation and partnership mechanisms, as called for in the Local Agenda 21 programme. Local Agenda 21 is essentially a strategic process of encouraging and controlling sustainable development. The development, management and implementation of this process requires all the skills and tools that can be brought to bear by a local authority and its community. â€Å"Cities are not just passive places in which international capital or prestigious functions locate, but in the new global competition for economic growth, have themselves become important factors in creating opportunities for economic development and influencing the new urban hierarchy† (Newman and Thornley 1996:16) Cities have been positioning themselves in this ‘new urban hierarchy† through the marketing strategies and construction of new images. This has taken place by many cultural activities and symbols all of which try to enhance the European world ranking of cities. Cities are obliged to adapt themselves rapidly to constant changes in economy and in other sectors. It is essential not to forget that this new form of development implies a danger to create a bigger division than the one that already exists inside urban societies. One of the key elements in this adaptation process to new changes is that cities must have a permanent and flexible educational and training system able to adapt itself rapidly to each moment circumstances. How to cite New European Urban Hierarchy, Essay examples

Lucid Dreams and PTSD Essay Example For Students

Lucid Dreams and PTSD Essay The Stigma Surrounding Lucid Dream Therapy In PTSD In our society, dreams are often thought of as meaningless biology (LaBerge 1). The stigma that has accompanied dreams into our century can be thought of as quite unfortunate. This stigma accompanies all types of dreams, including lucid dreams, the conscious awareness in a dream. In the small body of research that indicates the possible therapeutic uses of lucid dreaming, one can see how hard it would be for society to accept this kind of therapy if viewing the key element, dreaming, as meaningless biology (LaBerge 1). Society needs to change the attitudes around dreaming due to the possible benefits that dream therapy could have on problems such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The benefits that lucid dream therapy could have for these treatments show why society needs to embrace all types of dreaming as important and useful human resources. As defined by Stephen LaBerge, Lucidity, allowing as it does flexibility and creative response, presents a means of resolving dream conflicts and hence fosters a return to effective self-regulation. This is the basis of approach to healing through lucid dreaming: to facilitate the persons self-healing mechanisms by means of intentional imagery on the mental level (Healing through Lucid Dreaming 1). Those who have had a lucid dream but are unfamiliar with the terminology could easily recognize their dream as lucid. Almost all dream researchers agree to these two basic principles of lucid dreams and lucid dreamers: a) that lucid dreamers will frequently awaken from REM sleep once dream consciousness is achieved and b) that lucidity will be easiest to induce at times in the night when the body is likely to be changing from REM to waking. This makes lucid dreaming sound quite disruptive to sleep. It is perhaps a relief that lucid dreaming is normally rare unless one has trained him/herself for lucidity. Proposing that lucid dreaming has a connection to the treatment of PTSD, an outline is needed. Appendix A and B outline various aspects of PTSD. The first is taken from Warning Signs of Trauma Related Stress (taken from Tanenbaum, DeWolfe and Albano) and the other from DSM-III-R (PTSD 1). There is mention of nightmares being a symptom of PTSD. This obviously means that dreams of the trauma and that these dreams are of a disturbing nature. LaBerge defines nightmare as the result of unhealthy reactions (Healing Through Lucid Dreaming 1). Even though disturbing dreams are said to be a symptom of PTSD, the treatment is non-dream oriented. This is logical because physical problems can be treated in non-physical ways and vice-versa. What is illogical is that dream oriented treatment is not considered. This could be simply an oversight, but could also be an indicator of the aforementioned stigma surrounding dreams. Dream therapy is not a new phenomenon, but it seems unfortunate that it is popular only within select circles or therapists. Lucid dreams could be an important tool for the recovery of PTSD victims and it is unfortunate that this stigma could be the preventing factor surrounding this type of therapy. In an article by George Howe Colt, he discusses the advantages of lucid dreams: Instead of being eaten by a dream monster, lucid dreamers may be able to eat the monster themselves. Instead of showing up for an important exam dressed only in his underwear, a lucid dreamer can race home and put on clothes or, knowing its only a dream, throw caution to the winds and find out what happens when he walks into an exam undressed. The value of lucid dreams is you can have any imaginable experience without consequences, says LaBerge, himself a lucid dreamer (Life Special/Cover 5). The first of these advantages, the dream monster, involves being less afraid of the threatening situation (Colt 5). If a person suffering from PTSD has a distressing dream about their trauma, it could be very beneficial to re-experience the trauma while having more control and less fear. .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee , .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee .postImageUrl , .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee , .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee:hover , .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee:visited , .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee:active { border:0!important; } .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee:active , .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Synthesis - Preserving Artifacts Essay This gives the opportunity for exploration of other possible outcomes (as seen in attending the exam to view the reactions while only half dressed) or the exploration of feelings in general. A person in therapy of PTSD could be instructed in their therapy session .

Google in China free essay sample

In 2006, China attempted to move away from socialism and declared itself committed to economic reform and to opening itself to the outside world. Expanded personal freedoms for its citizens, however, China still maintained a harsh enforcement of political and religious regulations ? Membership in the WTO put China back on the map as a possible market for Western companies ? Yahoo! first American Internet company to enter China in 1999. Uncensored Internet information was not welcomed by Chinese authorities and government officials immediately implemented rules restricting access to content deemed improper or harmful, and monitored Internet usage of its citizens ? Included many private citizens in their surveillance efforts, and implemented public propaganda campaigns to create atmosphere of fear from reprisal and self-censorship ? Tom MacLean director of International Business for Google Inc. or last nine months; starting to worry about his job security after a storm of criticism resulting from decision to agree to subject Google’s search results to Chinese authority scrutiny ? Felt that he and his team had been mindful of political pitfalls they could face in implementing their strategic plan in China; level and intensity of subsequent backlash and disapproval was unexpected ? Elliot Schrage, Google’s vice president of Global Communications and Public Affairs, efended Google’s censorship agree ment as necessary, while at the same time admitting decision conflicted deeply with Google’s core principles, and that it was something they were not proud of ? Congressional hearing planted seeds of doubt in MacLean about Google in China decision. We will write a custom essay sample on Google in China or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Starting to question if Google was endorsing censorship by conforming to the Chinese authorities’ rules, if Google was acting as a tool for the government, if Chinese citizens were actually better off after Google’s decision to enter China, and whether censorship decision did go against their stated corporate philosophy ? Top leadership claim Google’s decision was made based on information currently available at the time; were not afraid to revisit that decision if necessary ? MacLean has only one day before attending a meeting where he would be questioned on the development and implementation of Google’s China strategy and asked for his suggestions for future courses of action ? MacLean under a lot of pressure to act, but his instinct is to stick by his strategy and let it play out a bit longer; hoping that Senate hearing would be the last bit of publicity for a while Problem Identification: (Write in complete sentences from now on) Key Identify major problem(s) and any minor contributing problem(s) ? Google’s launching of Google China and agreeing with Chinese government’s censorship demands has tarnished their reputation and public image (major) ? Lots of bad publicity generated globally; makes them look like hypocrites ? Caught between alienation of a potentially extremely lucrative international market and an ethical dilemma of global proportion ? Company ridiculed for its professed â€Å"don’t be evil† motto; critics blame Google for supporting a country with a regime known for its numerous, well-documented abuses of human rights and oppressive measures; violation of internationally recognized norms (minor) ? What should MacLean say at the meeting to justify his strategy? ? Has it become necessary for Google’s top leadership team to revisit decision in light of new information and circumstances? What should we do? Under a lot of pressure to act†¦. soon Inferences: Key Read between the lines and make some assumptions about the case that re suggested but not explicitly provided (read between the lines) ? Decision by Google to select China as its international target at this particular point in their political and social history is suspect, however, in accordance with their long-term global strategy, they could not pass up such a tremendous opportunity ? Censorship decision was necessary to maintain th eir position as global search-engine market leaders and to fend off advances from major competitors such as Yahoo! (who already have an established foothold in China) and Microsoft ? Capable of weathering out the storm of criticism without major negative financial implications ? In time, entire episode will simply â€Å"blow over† as media moves on to something else ? For long-term gain, worth putting up with short-term pain ? Actions can be justified if given the proper â€Å"spin† ? No irreparable damage has been done to the company’s reputation ? International business risk associated with decision can be managed General Case Ideas: Key Link applicable course material/theory to the case State applicable theory (the â€Å"what†) ? The global economy (Chapter 1, pages XX) Cultural influences on global business (Chapter 3, pages XX) ? Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Market Screening Process handouts ? Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility in International Business handout ? Government and political influences on global business (Chapter 4, pages XX) ? Managing international business risk (Chapter 21, pages XX) Make relevan t connections between course theory and the case (the â€Å"so what†) ? There are four major categories of the international business environment that MNCs should consider when deciding on potential expansion markets: 1. Geographic Conditions (climate, terrain, seaways, natural resources) 2. Cultural Social Factors (accepted behaviours, values, and customs; language, education, religion, social relationships) 3. Political and Legal Factors (type of government, political stability, government policies toward business) 4. Economic Conditions (type of economic system, general education level of the population, types of industries, level of technology) ? The two of these that are most applicable to this case are: Cultural Social Factors The more similar one’s own culture is to another in history, language, religion etc. , the less difficult it is to conduct business in that society. But when societies differ on most of these characteristics, the potential for difficulty grows exponentially. For most American businesses in China, this potential is very high. There will be innumerable, unforeseen challenges, even when there is an honest effort to learn about and understand China and its people. When doing business in China, many cultural and social considerations must be addressed. Political and Legal Factors China has been under the communist party rule for many decades. The communist party exercises absolute power over legislations and economic and cultural institutions. Unlike western economies where the government promotes transparency for doing business, in China rules and regulations are not so transparent. Strict laws and patents in economies of the west protect domestic and foreign businesses, whereas in China, the legal system is loosely defined, giving rise to various loopholes in the law. When doing business in China, many political and legal considerations must be considered. Conclusion and Recommendations: Key Suggest specific and implementable solutions to solve identified problems ? Maintain status quo regarding decision †¦but go into damage control mode ? Hire an internationally-experienced and renowned public relations firm to present the situation in a more positive light (â€Å"spin doctors†) ? Counter bad publicity by using the media to your advantage. Issue a series of press releases arguing that it would be more damaging to pull out of China altogether; address criticisms directly and clearly explain the rationale of your decision ? Argue that censorship is necessary to keep the Chinese government from blocking Google altogether, and that Google can play a role more useful to the cause of free speech by participating in Chinas information technology industry than by refusing to comply and being denied admission to the mainland Chinese market ? Highlight the fact that Chinese authorities have restricted citizens to opular search engines such as Altavista and Yahoo! in the past, and that while removing search results is inconsistent with Googles mission, providing no information at all would be even more inconsistent with their mission ? More public visibility of Yahoo founders Page and Brin as well as CEO Eric Schmidt. Delivery of consistent message through carefully orchestrated television and print ad campaigns and appearances a t national and international industry forums ? Alter public perception through increased promotion of Google’s philanthropic work ? It is not Google’s job to fix governments but to provide the best service to users and the best return possible to its stakeholders. By choosing to do business in China, it is their job to serve the Chinese people in their best, albeit restricted, manner given current political climate ? If we didnt do it, someone else would have ? Emphasize that censorship issues are not restricted to China and that Google also had to do similar things in Germany as well as in their own home country to meet legal requirements ? Stand together as an industry. Enlist rival’s assistance with similar issues and common interests. Get Bill Gates, billionaire founder of Microsoft, to stand up for arch-rival Google and argue that state censorship was no reason for technology companies not to do business in China. Get Gates to issue public statement that the Internet is contributing to Chinese political engagement, as access to the outside world is preventing more censorship ? Close its China offices and abandon market

A basic study of pricing to market The WritePass Journal

A basic study of pricing to market Introduction A basic study of pricing to market IntroductionDefinition and theories about PTMEmpirical evidence of PTMConclusion:ReferenceRelated Introduction Exchange rate is always changing, which can cause different relative price of traded goods among countries. However, when firms adopt PTM (pricing to market), price of trading goods does not change with the exchange rate, That may result in deviation from purchasing power parity theory. Many aspect of economy such as consumption, welfare distribution will change according to this behavior. This paper tries to illustrate the meaning and the effect of PTM with some theory and empirical evidence. Definition and theories about PTM Pricing to market(PTM) is a new definition emerged in mid-1980s.During that period ,US dollar has experienced a strong appreciation. However, it has been noticed that the price of import commodities in the US did not decrease according to the exchange rate changes. PTM represent the phenomenon of foreign firms maintaining or even increasing their export price when the currency of the importer country rises. (Krugman,1987) .PTM can also be understand as export firms set price of trading goods in local currency instead of adjust the price according to the exchange rate. The international evidence shows that the pricing to market behavior and exchange-rate pass through is often interpreted as consistent with local currency price stability. This kind of price discrimination behavior does not only affect the price of traded goods, but also influences various kinds of price rigidities. (Alexius and Vredin,1999) Pick and Cater(1994) explain that the reasons for PTM behaviors. Firms prefer to keep stable prices in foreign markets that have fluctuating exchange rates may exercise this preference by exerting market power. It may result from the demand elasticity: As the importing countrys currency appreciates, the import price falls and demand increases. However, when the exporter does not have the ability to adjust the raised demand for its goods, the extend of currency appreciation will not completely reflect in the price of trading commodities. In addition, there is also implication that shocks to national market conditions, such as exogenous changes in the exchange rate, can generate deviations between the prices that firms charge in each market. ( Bergin,2003) At last, PTM may simply because that exporting firm want to keep competitive: many firms in these countries are said to have followed pricing policies designed to keep export prices competitive despite changes in exchange rates.(Mars ton,1990) Literatures about PTM are generally based on models. In pricing to market modelsfrom the work of Betts and Devereux(1996), they adapt a model that firms produce different products to export to different countries, besides, firms can set different exporting prices for different destinations. They learn from the result of the model that the increase in the fluctuation of exchange rate arising from PTM may be very large by doing a simple quantitative exercise based on the estimated degree of PTM in international trade. That’s to say, when firms engage in PTM, when a country face with money shocks, the effects of this shocks are quite different compare with the traditional exchange rate models in which prices are set in the currency of the exporter. What’s more, PTM plays a central role in exchange rate determination and in international macroeconomic fluctuations. It acts to limit the pass-through from exchange rate changes to prices, and reduces the traditional ‘â⠂¬Ëœexpenditure switching’’ role o exchange rate changes. (Betts and Deuereux,2000) Implications of PTM for PPP A direct implication of the PTM hypothesis is the low pass-through from the exchange rate to prices, and the resultant failure of the relative PPP to hold in the short and intermediate-runs.(Aizenman,2004) PPP(purchasing power parity) is a conception widely used in international economy. The basic idea about PPP is when consumers purchase identical products in any market worldwide, the quantity of money should be the same when measured in one currency (Hallwood and MacDonald, 2000). Applied to aggregate price data, purchasing power parity is the hypothesis that the import prices that of one country to purchase another countrys goods should move one-for-one with the producer prices for goods in those countries that are the sources of those imports when all of these prices are expressed in a common currency. (Atkeson and Burstein,2008) When firms and producers applied PTM, many aspect of the country’s economy will different from the PPP holders. From the analysis of model in Betts and Deuereux(2000),the implications of PTM to PPP can be conclude as follows: The most obvious implication of PTM is the price volatility. Actually, if there is no price rigidity, the law-of one- price would be available for all kinds of products, and PPP would hold generally, even though there is still exist some extend of international market segmentation. However, if sticky local-currency prices hold, changes in the exchange rate will result in deviations from the law-of-one-price. While when complete PTM applied, the exchange rate will play a different role in the LOOP environment, relative prices of importer and exporters will not be affected by the fluctuation of exchange rate. but it has an impact on relative incomes. If export prices are set in foreign currency, when a depreciation happened in this currency. The home currency earnings of home firms will increase, at the same time, foreign firms’ foreign currency earnings will decrease at given production levels. Thus a depreciation generates a world redistribution of income towards the home coun try, which raises home consumption relative to foreign consumption. This occurs without the influence of relative price changes. (Betts and Deuereux,2000) PTM have a positive effect on promoting the real exchange rate movements: the larger of the PTM sector is, the lower effect of a money shock will the country get. Say a country faced with a money shock which will result in a depreciation of the currency, if PTM holds in a large sector, the impact on reallocation of spending away from domestic goods consumption towards foreign goods will be reduce to a large extend. The reason for this maybe the exchange rate is response to depreciation, however, this kind of currency price change would not affect the domestic market. PTM acts to limit the pass-through from exchange rate changes to prices, and reduces the traditional ‘‘expenditure switching’’ role of exchange rate changes. Nominal price stickiness associated with PTM magnifies the response of the exchange rate to shocks to fundamentals. (Betts and Deuereux,1996) The effect of monetary policies varies from cooperative firms and non-cooperative firms: at first, this need to be confirm that there is always a gain from coopperation, and secondly, that the gain reaches a maximum at the polar cases of no and full pricing to market since in these cases the movement in the terms of trade and thus the welfare spill-over is at a maximum in the non-cooperative setting. (Michaelis,2006) Empirical evidence of PTM As a common strategy of international firms, PTM behavior are widely used all over the world. By investigating data from those firms, we can get the empirical effect of pricing to market. Gil-Pareja(2002) investigated PTM behavior in European car markets during 1993 and 1998. He found that local currency price stability is a strong and pervasive phenomenon across products independent of the invoicing currency. In fact, there are large gaps among the automobile retail prices across EU Member States since the early 1980s, which is deviated from the law-of-one-price. (Gil-Paraja,2002) After analyze and compare the data of different EU countries, it can be easily conclude that the strategy tries to avoid the effect of changes in exchange rate changes is just in order to make the profits across segmented markets be maxime. Exporting firm will get the highest expected profits under exchange rate uncertainty by setting price of the importer’s currency. Since early 1980s, Japanese yen has experienced a depreciation. Marston(1990) has investigated pricing to market by Japanese firms from 1980 to 1987. He explores how Japanese firms responded to shifts in the real exchange rate by varying the prices of their exports relative to prices of products destined for the domestic market. The estimation distinguishes between inadvertent but temporary changes in these margins due to exchange rate surprises and planned changes associated with PTM behavior; He found there is overwhelming evidence that export-domestic price margins are systematically varied to help Japanese firms protect their competitive position. (Marston,1990) According to the exporter in UK, how is export pricing affected by other firm specific or contextual environmental variables such as export experience of the firm, degree of export development, type and intensity of market competition among others. The extend of PTM is based on variable of elements such as the industry le vel, the information and the like.( Tzokas et al.,2000) Conclusion: Pricing to market make the price of international trading goods free from the fluctuation of exchange rate, as a result, PPP no longer hold in those countries which applied PTM. Theories, as well as empirical evidence suggest that PTM has a strong implication of consumption and welfare distribution. It is a effective way for international co operations to avoid the negative influence of exchange rate fluctuation. But the extend of PTM is varias among different counties and industries. Reference Aizenman.J.  (2004) .â€Å"Endogenous  pricing  to  market  and 1inancing costs  Ã‚  Original Research Article†.Journal of Monetary Economics,  Volume 51, Issue 4,  PP 691-712 Alexius.A,  Vredin.A.(1999).â€Å"Pricing-to-Market in Swedish Exports†.The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Vol. 101, No. 2 pp. 223-239 Atkeson.A,  Burstein.A.(2008).â€Å"Pricing-to-Market, Trade Costs, and International Relative Prices†.The American Economic Review, Vol. 98, No. 5, pp. 1998-2031 Bergin. P. R, 1eenstra.R.C. (2001). â€Å"Pricing-to-market, staggered contracts, and real exchange rate persistence  Ã‚  Original Research Article†. Journal of International Economics,  Volume 54, Issue 2,  Ã‚  PP 333-359 Bergin. P. R.(2003).â€Å"A model of relative national price levels under  pricing  to  market  Ã‚  Original Research Article†. European Economic Review,  Volume 47, Issue 3, PP569-586 Betts.C, Devereux. M.B. (2000) .â€Å"Exchange rate dynamics in a model of  pricing-to-market  Ã‚  Original Research Article†.Journal of International Economics,  Volume 50, Issue 1,  Ã‚  PP 215-244 Betts.C, Devereux.M.B.  (1996) .â€Å"The exchange rate in a model of  pricing-to-market  Ã‚  Original Research Article†. European Economic Review,  Volume 40, Issues 3-5,  PP 1007-1021 Gil-Pareja.S. (2003).â€Å"Pricing  to  market  behaviour in European car  markets  Ã‚  Original Research Article†.European Economic Review,  Volume 47, Issue 6,  Ã‚  PP 945-962 Hallwood. P ,MacDonald. R. (2000) â€Å"International Money and Finance†, 3rd ed.Blackwell. Krugman, P. (1986), â€Å"Pricing to Markets when exchange rate changes†, In: Arndt, S.W., Richardson,J.D. (Eds.), Real-financial Linkages among Open Economies. MIT Press, Cambridge. Mark, N. (2001) â€Å"International Macroeconomics and Finance†, Blackwell. Marston. R. C. (1989) â€Å" Pricing to Market in Japanese Manufacturing†. Journal of International Economics, 29(3), PP 217-236. Michaelis. J.(2006). â€Å"Optimal monetary policy in the presence o1  pricing-to-market  Ã‚  Original Research Article†.Journal of Macroeconomics,  Volume 28, Issue 3,  Ã‚  PP 564-584 Patureau.L.(2007).â€Å"Pricing-to-market, limited participation and exchange rate dynamics  Ã‚  Original Research Article†.Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control,  Volume 31, Issue 10,  Ã‚  PP 3281-3320 Pick. D H,   Carter. C A. (1994). â€Å"Pricing to Market with Transactions Denominated in a Common Currency†.American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 55-60 Sarno, L. Taylor, M.P. (2002), new open-economy of macroeconomics. In The economics of exchange rate, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Tzokas.N, Hart.S, Argouslidis.P ,Saren.M.  (2000), â€Å"Strategic  pricing  in export  markets: empirical evidence from the UK  Ã‚  Original Research Article†. International Business Review,  Volume 9, Issue f,  PP 95-117

Condom Disrtibution In High Schools Research Proposal

Condom Disrtibution In High Schools - Research Proposal Example It was however, a woman by the name of Ella Flagg Young, who pioneered the notion of sexual education on a public school level by converging the appeal of Science with the taboo subject of sex in general. Young capably introduced her ideals in the â€Å"Chicago Experiment† of 1913, â€Å"During the Progressive Era, Dr. Ella Flagg Young instituted the first sexual education program in U.S. public schools. She garnered support for her "Chicago Experiment" by integrating scientific appeals about sexual education into popular discourses on modern research methods†(Jensen, 2007, p. 2). Nearly a century later, sexual education in public schools is still somewhat of a debate issue between those who wish to preserve sexual education as the right of the parent or legal guardian of a child and those who feel that circumventing sexual education such that every child is guaranteed a certain and realistic education on the matter; remains a common topic at PTA meetings around the country. The issue of condom availability is certainly not immune to controversy but never the less, has become relatively common and appropriate. Sexual education in general, has matured from a topic shrouded in shame and social taboo to one of centrifugal interest, â€Å"The extreme anxiety about sex expressed itself partly through the proliferation of advice manuals. Works such as John Todd’s 1837 Student’s Manual were well within the tradition of Ben Franklin’s Improving Literature† (Moran, 2000, p. 4). The dichotomy surrounding condom availability in public schools is whether or not it condones promiscuity, even though it is an essential means of preventing teen pregnancy and the spread of HIV. What many of those who embrace the idea that passing out condoms promotes promiscuity do not realize, is that teens do not need permission from society or from authority figures to engage in sexual activity. (Moran,